_transform_ x y transform x y x y matrix transform x y applies a transformation matrix to the coordinates (x, y), returning the transformed coordinates (x, y). The first form of the operator uses the current transformation matrix in the graphics state to transform user space coordinates to device space. The second form applies the transformation specified by the matrix operand rather than the CTM. Errors: rangecheck, stackunderflow, typecheck See Also: itransform, dtransform, idtransform _translate_ tx ty translate – tx ty matrix translate matrix moves the origin of the user coordinate space by tx units horizontally and ty units vertically, or returns a matrix representing this transformation. The orientation of the axes and the sizes of the coordinate units are unaffected. The transformation is represented by the matrix The first form of the operator applies this transformation to the user coordinate system by concatenating matrix T with the current transformation matrix (CTM); that is, it replaces the CTM with the matrix product T CTM. The second form replaces the value of the matrix operand with an array representing matrix T and pushes the result back on the operand stack without altering the CTM. See Section 4.3.3, “Matrix Representation and Manipulation,” for a discussion of how matrices are represented as arrays. Errors: rangecheck, stackunderflow, typecheck See Also: setmatrix, currentmatrix, scale, rotate, concat