perlebcdic

perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms

An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 based computers. We do not cover localization, internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other than some discussion of \s-1UTF-8\s0 and \s-1UTF-EBCDIC\s0.

Portions that are still incomplete are marked with \s-1XXX\s0.

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers. The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a “7-bit \s-1ASCII\s0”. \s-1ASCII\s0 was described by the American National Standards Institute document \s-1ANSI\s0 X3.4-1986. It was also described by \s-1ISO\s0 646:1991 (with localization for currency symbols). The full \s-1ASCII\s0 set is given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that can be written adequately with the characters in \s-1ASCII\s0 include English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American languages.

There are many character sets that extend the range of integers from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). One common one is the \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1 character set.

The \s-1ISO\s0 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the International Organization for Standardization (\s-1ISO\s0) each of which adds characters to the \s-1ASCII\s0 set that are typically found in European languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.

A particular 8-bit extension to \s-1ASCII\s0 that includes grave and acute accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1 include all the languages covered by \s-1ASCII\s0 as well as Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. German can use \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1 but must do so without German-style quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions to \s-1ASCII\s0 and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. In \s-1IBM\s0 character code set identification terminology \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1 is also known as \s-1CCSID\s0 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).

The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a large collection of slightly different single and multi byte coded character sets that are different from \s-1ASCII\s0 or \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1 and typically run on host computers. The \s-1EBCDIC\s0 encodings derive from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there were gaps within each latin alphabet range.

Some \s-1IBM\s0 \s-1EBCDIC\s0 character sets may be known by character code set identification numbers (\s-1CCSID\s0 numbers) or code page numbers. Leading zero digits in \s-1CCSID\s0 numbers within this document are insignificant. E.g. \s-1CCSID\s0 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.

Among \s-1IBM\s0 \s-1EBCDIC\s0 character code sets there are 13 characters that are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters are known as the 13 “variant” characters and are:

 [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `

Character code set \s-1ID\s0 0037 is a mapping of the \s-1ASCII\s0 plus Latin-1 characters (i.e. \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1) to an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 set. 0037 is used in North American English locales on the \s-1OS/400\s0 operating system that runs on \s-1AS/400\s0 computers. \s-1CCSID\s0 37 differs from \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1 in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values.

Character code set \s-1ID\s0 1047 is also a mapping of the \s-1ASCII\s0 plus Latin-1 characters (i.e. \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1) to an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 set. 1047 is used under Unix System Services for \s-1OS/390\s0 or z/OS, and OpenEdition for \s-1VM/ESA\s0. \s-1CCSID\s0 1047 differs from \s-1CCSID\s0 0037 in eight places.

The \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code page in use on Siemens' \s-1BS2000\s0 system is distinct from 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.

In Unicode terminology a code point is the number assigned to a character: for example, in \s-1EBCDIC\s0 the character “A” is usually assigned the number 193. In Unicode the character “A” is assigned the number 65. This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack “U”, which are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers. The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256? (for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used) In \s-1EBCDIC\s0, for the low 256 the \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code points are used. This means that the equivalences

pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character unpack("U", $character) == ord $character

will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over all the possible code points, pack(“U”,ord(“A”)) would in \s-1EBCDIC\s0 equal A with acute or chr(101), and unpack(“U”, “A”) would equal 65, or non-breaking space, not 193, or ord “A”.)

"" Many of the remaining seem to be related to case-insensitive matching: for example, CW/[\x{131}]/ (\s-1LATIN\s0 \s-1SMALL\s0 \s-1LETTER\s0 \s-1DOTLESS\s0 I) does not match “I” case-insensitively, as it should under Unicode. (The match succeeds in ASCII-derived platforms.)

"" The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not supported under \s-1EBCDIC\s0, likewise for the encoding pragma.

\s-1UTF\s0 is a Unicode Transformation Format. \s-1UTF-8\s0 is a Unicode conforming representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like \s-1ASCII\s0. UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 transparent manner.

Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode to translate from \s-1EBCDIC\s0 to Latin-1 code points

use Encode 'from_to';

my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );

# $a is in EBCDIC code points from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1'); # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points

and from Latin-1 code points to \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code points

use Encode 'from_to';

my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );

# $a is ISO 8859-1 code points from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'}); # $a is in EBCDIC code points

For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features of PerlIO, see perluniintro.

Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables you to use different encodings per \s-1IO\s0 channel. For example you may use

use Encode; open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii"); print $f "Hello World!\n"; open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic"); print $f "Hello World!\n"; open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1"); print $f "Hello World!\n"; open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8"); print $f "Hello World!\n";

to get two files containing “Hello World!\n” in \s-1ASCII\s0, \s-1CP\s0 37 \s-1EBCDIC\s0, \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to \s-1ASCII\s0) respective UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal \s-1EBCDIC\s0). See the documentation of Encode::PerlIO for details.

As the PerlIO layer uses raw \s-1IO\s0 (bytes) internally, all this totally ignores things like the type of your filesystem (\s-1ASCII\s0 or \s-1EBCDIC\s0).

The following tables list the \s-1ASCII\s0 and Latin 1 ordered sets including the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), \s-1ASCII\s0 graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1 extensions to \s-1ASCII\s0 have been labelled with character names roughly corresponding to The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 albeit with substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, s/CAPITAL \s-1LETTER//\s0 in some cases, and s/SMALL \s-1LETTER\s0 ([A-Z])/\l$1/ in some other cases (the CWcharnames pragma names unfortunately do not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The “names” of the C1 control set (128..159 in \s-1ISO\s0 8859-1) listed here are somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table (that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:

"recipe

perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)'   -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod

If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you might want to write:

"recipe

open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; while (<FH>) { if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); } elsif ($7 ne '') { printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); } else { printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); } } }

If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then run the table through:

"recipe

perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)'   -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod

Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:

"recipe

open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; while (<FH>) { if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); } elsif ($7 ne '') { printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); } else { printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); } } }

incomp- incomp- 8859-1 lete lete chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0 <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1 <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2 <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3 <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55 <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45 <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46 <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47 <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22 <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5 <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 *** <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11 <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12 <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13 <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14 <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16 <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17 <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18 <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19 <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60 <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50 <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38 <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24 <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25 <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63 <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39 <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28 <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29 <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30 <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31 <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64 ! 33 90 90 90 33 90 " 34 127 127 127 34 127 # 35 123 123 123 35 123 $ 36 91 91 91 36 91 % 37 108 108 108 37 108 & 38 80 80 80 38 80 ' 39 125 125 125 39 125 ( 40 77 77 77 40 77 ) 41 93 93 93 41 93 * 42 92 92 92 42 92 + 43 78 78 78 43 78 , 44 107 107 107 44 107 - 45 96 96 96 45 96 . 46 75 75 75 46 75 / 47 97 97 97 47 97 0 48 240 240 240 48 240 1 49 241 241 241 49 241 2 50 242 242 242 50 242 3 51 243 243 243 51 243 4 52 244 244 244 52 244 5 53 245 245 245 53 245 6 54 246 246 246 54 246 7 55 247 247 247 55 247 8 56 248 248 248 56 248 9 57 249 249 249 57 249 : 58 122 122 122 58 122 ; 59 94 94 94 59 94 < 60 76 76 76 60 76 = 61 126 126 126 61 126 > 62 110 110 110 62 110 ? 63 111 111 111 63 111 @ 64 124 124 124 64 124 A 65 193 193 193 65 193 B 66 194 194 194 66 194 C 67 195 195 195 67 195 D 68 196 196 196 68 196 E 69 197 197 197 69 197 F 70 198 198 198 70 198 G 71 199 199 199 71 199 H 72 200 200 200 72 200 I 73 201 201 201 73 201 J 74 209 209 209 74 209 K 75 210 210 210 75 210 L 76 211 211 211 76 211 M 77 212 212 212 77 212 N 78 213 213 213 78 213 O 79 214 214 214 79 214 P 80 215 215 215 80 215 Q 81 216 216 216 81 216 R 82 217 217 217 82 217 S 83 226 226 226 83 226 T 84 227 227 227 84 227 U 85 228 228 228 85 228 V 86 229 229 229 86 229 W 87 230 230 230 87 230 X 88 231 231 231 88 231 Y 89 232 232 232 89 232 Z 90 233 233 233 90 233 [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ###   92 224 224 188 92 224 ### ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 *** ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ### _ 95 109 109 109 95 109 ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ### a 97 129 129 129 97 129 b 98 130 130 130 98 130 c 99 131 131 131 99 131 d 100 132 132 132 100 132 e 101 133 133 133 101 133 f 102 134 134 134 102 134 g 103 135 135 135 103 135 h 104 136 136 136 104 136 i 105 137 137 137 105 137 j 106 145 145 145 106 145 k 107 146 146 146 107 146 l 108 147 147 147 108 147 m 109 148 148 148 109 148 n 110 149 149 149 110 149 o 111 150 150 150 111 150 p 112 151 151 151 112 151 q 113 152 152 152 113 152 r 114 153 153 153 114 153 s 115 162 162 162 115 162 t 116 163 163 163 116 163 u 117 164 164 164 117 164 v 118 165 165 165 118 165 w 119 166 166 166 119 166 x 120 167 167 167 120 167 y 121 168 168 168 121 168 z 122 169 169 169 122 169 { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ### | 124 79 79 79 124 79 } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ### ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ### <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7 <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32 <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33 <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34 <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35 <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36 <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 *** <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6 <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23 <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40 <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41 <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42 <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43 <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44 <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9 <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10 <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27 <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48 <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49 <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26 <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51 <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52 <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53 <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54 <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8 <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56 <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57 <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58 <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59 <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4 <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20 <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62 <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ### <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65 <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66 <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ### <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68 <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69 <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70 <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ### <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72 <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ### <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74 <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81 <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82 <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ### <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84 <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85 <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ### <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87 <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88 <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89 <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98 <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99 <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100 <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101 <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102 <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103 <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104 <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105 <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106 <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112 <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113 <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114 <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115 <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65 <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66 <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67 <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68 <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69 <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70 <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71 <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72 <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73 <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74 <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81 <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82 <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83 <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84 <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85 <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86 <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87 <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88 <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89 <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98 <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99 <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100 <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101 <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102 <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103 <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ### <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105 <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ### <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112 <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ### <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114 <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115 <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65 <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66 <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67 <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68 <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69 <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70 <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71 <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72 <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73 <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74 <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81 <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82 <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83 <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84 <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85 <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86 <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87 <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88 <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89 <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98 <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99 <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100 <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101 <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102 <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103 <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ### <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105 <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106 <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112 <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113 <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114 <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115

If you would rather see the above table in \s-1CCSID\s0 0037 order rather than \s-1ASCII\s0 + Latin-1 order then run the table through:

"recipe

perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'  -e '{push(@l,$_)}'   -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}'   -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}'   -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod

If you would rather see it in \s-1CCSID\s0 1047 order then change the digit 42 in the last line to 51, like this:

"recipe

perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'  -e '{push(@l,$_)}'   -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}'   -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}'   -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod

If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit 51 in the last line to 60, like this:

"recipe

perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'  -e '{push(@l,$_)}'   -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}'   -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}'   -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod

To determine the character set you are running under from perl one could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more character values. For example:

$is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65); $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);

Also, “\t” is a CWHORIZONTAL TABULATION character so that:

$is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9; $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;

To distinguish \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code pages try looking at one or more of the characters that differ between them. For example:

$is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37); $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);

Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any of the code sets, e.g.:

$is_ascii = ord('[') == 91; $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186; $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173; $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;

However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:

$is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED

Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most \s-1ASCII\s0 machines from either a \s-1CCSID\s0 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine since “\r” eq chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that because “\n” is chr(13) and “\r” is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an \s-1ASCII\s0 machine) the second CW$is_ascii test will lead to trouble there.

To determine whether or not perl was built under an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code page you can use the Config module like so:

use Config; $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';

In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed. The data in the table are in \s-1ASCII\s0 order hence the \s-1EBCDIC\s0 columns provide easy to use \s-1ASCII\s0 to \s-1EBCDIC\s0 operations that are also easily reversed.

For example, to convert \s-1ASCII\s0 to code page 037 take the output of the second column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \ characters) and use it in tr/// like so:

$cp_037 = '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' . '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' . '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' . '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' . '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' . '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' . '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' . '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' . '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' . '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' . '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' . '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' . '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' . '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' . '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' . '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;

my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string; eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';

To convert from \s-1EBCDIC\s0 037 to \s-1ASCII\s0 just reverse the order of the tr/// arguments like so:

my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string; eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';

Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to obtain a CW$cp_1047 table. The fourth column of the output from recipe 0 could provide a CW$cp_posix_bc table suitable for transcoding as well.

\s-1XPG\s0 operability often implies the presence of an iconv utility available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's documentation for information on iconv.

On \s-1OS/390\s0 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv shell utility from within perl would be to:

# OS/390 or z/OS example $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`

or the inverse map:

# OS/390 or z/OS example $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`

For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on \s-1CPAN\s0.

The \s-1OS/390\s0 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions.

The CW.. range operator treats certain character ranges with care on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machines. For example the following array will have twenty six elements on either an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine or an \s-1ASCII\s0 machine:

@alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25

The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results when operating on string or character data in a perl program running on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine than when run on an \s-1ASCII\s0 machine. Here is an example adapted from the one in perlop:

# EBCDIC-based examples print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n" print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n" print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n"; print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";

An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters in the \s-1ASCII\s0 table is that they can “literally” be constructed as control characters in perl, e.g. CW(chr(0) eq "\c@") CW(chr(1) eq "\cA"), and so on. Perl on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machines has been ported to take “\c@” to chr(0) and “\cA” to chr(1) as well, but the thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table but with substitutions such as s/START \s-1OF/S\s0.O./; s/END \s-1OF\s0 /E.O./; s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./; s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE \s-1CONTROL/D\s0.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; s/NEGATIVE \s-1ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG\s0. \s-1ACK\s0./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only one spot (21 decimal). Note that the CWLINE FEED character may be generated by “\cJ” on \s-1ASCII\s0 machines but by “\cU” on 1047 or POSIX-BC machines and cannot be generated as a CW"\c.letter." control character on 0037 machines. Note also that “\c\” maps to two characters not one.

chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC ------------------------------------------------------------------------ "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***>< "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***>< "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28> "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.> "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6> "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE> "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23> "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13> "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14> "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29> "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> *** "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE> "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7> "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL> "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18> "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15> "\c\" 28 <FILE SEP.>  <FILE SEP.>  <FILE SEP.>  "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***>< "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><

"chr()" chr() must be given an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code number argument to yield a desired character return value on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine. For example: $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);

"ord()" ord() will return \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code number values on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine. For example: $the_number_193 = ord("A");

"pack()" The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set encoding. Examples of usage on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 include: $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196); # $foo eq "ABCD" $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196); # same thing $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196); # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"

"print()" One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to print that contain \s-1ASCII\s0 encodings. One common place for this to occur is in the output of the \s-1MIME\s0 type header for \s-1CGI\s0 script writing. For example, many perl programming guides recommend something similar to: print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012"; # this may be wrong on EBCDIC Under the \s-1IBM\s0 \s-1OS/390\s0 \s-1USS\s0 Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example you should instead write that as: print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia That is because the translation from \s-1EBCDIC\s0 to \s-1ASCII\s0 is done by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for further details.

"printf()" The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa will be different from their \s-1ASCII\s0 counterparts when executed on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine. Examples include: printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC

"sort()" \s-1EBCDIC\s0 sort results may differ from \s-1ASCII\s0 sort results especially for mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below.

"sprintf()" See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use of sprintf would be: $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);

"unpack()" See the discussion of pack() above.

As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap characters. For example, characters such as o\*^ CWo WITH CIRCUMFLEX that lie between I and J would not be matched by the regular expression range CW/[H-K]/. This works in the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is explicitly numeric: CW[\x89-\x91] will match CW\x8e, even though CW\x89 is CWi and CW\x91 is CWj, and CW\x8e is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint.

If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such as CW/\313/ on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 or CW/\364/ on \s-1ASCII\s0 machines to have your regular expression match CWo WITH CIRCUMFLEX.

Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following set of subs:

sub is_c0 { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; }

sub is_print_ascii { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); $char =~ /[\040-\176]/; }

sub is_delete { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); $char eq "\177"; }

sub is_c1 { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; }

sub is_latin_1 { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; }

The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points. However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points and on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine it may be desirable for constructs such as CWif (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";} to print out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection of character classification subs that is capable of working across the four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows:

sub Is_c0 { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; } if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; } if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; } }

sub Is_print_ascii { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; }

sub Is_delete { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii return $char eq "\177"; } else { # ebcdic return $char eq "\007"; } }

sub Is_c1 { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; } if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; } if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; } if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/; } }

sub Is_latin_1 { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; } if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 return $char =~ /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; } if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 return $char =~ /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; } if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc return $char =~ /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; } }

Note however that only the CWIs_ascii_print() sub is really independent of coded character set. Another way to write CWIs_latin_1() would be to use the characters in the range explicitly:

sub Is_latin_1 { my $char = substr(shift,0,1); $char =~ /[