EPOLL
NAME
epoll - I/O event notification facility
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/epoll.h>
DESCRIPTION
epoll
is a variant of
poll(2)
that can be used either as an edge-triggered or a level-triggered
interface and scales well to large numbers of watched file descriptors.
Three system calls are provided to
set up and control an
epoll
set:
epoll_create(2),
epoll_ctl(2),
epoll_wait(2).
An
epoll
set is connected to a file descriptor created by
epoll_create(2).
Interest for certain file descriptors is then registered via
epoll_ctl(2).
Finally, the actual wait is started by
epoll_wait(2).
Level-Triggered and Edge-Triggered
The
epoll
event distribution interface is able to behave both as edge-triggered
(ET) and level-triggered (LT).
The difference between the two mechanisms
can be described as follows.
Suppose that
this scenario happens :
1.
The file descriptor that represents the read side of a pipe
(rfd)
is added inside the
epoll
device.
2.
A pipe writer writes 2 kB of data on the write side of the pipe.
3.
A call to
epoll_wait(2)
is done that will return
rfd
as a ready file descriptor.
4.
The pipe reader reads 1 kB of data from
R rfd .
If the
rfd
file descriptor has been added to the
epoll
interface using the
EPOLLET
flag, the call to
epoll_wait(2)
done in step
5
will probably hang despite the available data still present in the file
input buffer;
meanwhile the remote peer might be expecting a response based on the
data it already sent.
The reason for this is that edge-triggered mode only
delivers events when changes occur on the monitored file descriptor.
So, in step
5
the caller might end up waiting for some data that is already present inside
the input buffer.
In the above example, an event on
rfd
will be generated because of the write done in
R 2
and the event is consumed in
R 3 .
Since the read operation done in
4
does not consume the whole buffer data, the call to
epoll_wait(2)
done in step
5
might block indefinitely.
An application that employs the
EPOLLET
flag (edge-triggered)
should use non-blocking file descriptors to avoid having a blocking
read or write starve a task that is handling multiple file descriptors.
The suggested way to use
epoll
as an edge-triggered
(EPOLLET)
interface is as follows:
i
with non-blocking file descriptors
ii
by waiting for an event only after
read(2)
or
write(2)
return
R EAGAIN .
By contrast, when used as a level-triggered interface,
epoll
is simplay a faster
poll(2),
and can be used wherever the latter is used since it shares the
same semantics.
Since even with the edge-triggered
epoll
multiple events can be generated upon receipt of multiple chunks of data,
the caller has the option to specify the
EPOLLONESHOT
flag, to tell
epoll
to disable the associated file descriptor after the receipt of an event with
epoll_wait(2).
When the
EPOLLONESHOT
flag is specified,
it is the caller's responsibility to rearm the file descriptor using
epoll_ctl(2)
with
R EPOLL_CTL_MOD .
Example for Suggested Usage
While the usage of
epoll
when employed as a level-triggered interface does have the same
semantics as
poll(2),
the edge-triggered usage requires more clarification to avoid stalls
in the application event loop.
In this example, listener is a
non-blocking socket on which
listen(2)
has been called.
The function do_use_fd() uses the new ready
file descriptor until
EAGAIN
is returned by either
read(2)
or
write(2).
An event-driven state machine application should, after having received
R EAGAIN ,
record its current state so that at the next call to do_use_fd()
it will continue to
read(2)
or
write(2)
from where it stopped before.
struct epoll_event ev, *events;
for (;;) {
nfds = epoll_wait(kdpfd, events, maxevents, -1);
for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n) {
if (events[n].data.fd == listener) {
client = accept(listener, (struct sockaddr *) &local,
&addrlen);
if (client < 0){
perror("accept");
continue;
}
setnonblocking(client);
ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;
ev.data.fd = client;
if (epoll_ctl(kdpfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, client, &ev) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "epoll set insertion error: fd=%d\n",
client);
return -1;
}
} else {
do_use_fd(events[n].data.fd);
}
}
}
When used as an edge-triggered interface, for performance reasons, it is
possible to add the file descriptor inside the epoll interface
(EPOLL_CTL_ADD)
once by specifying
(EPOLLIN|EPOLLOUT).
This allows you to avoid
continuously switching between
EPOLLIN
and
EPOLLOUT
calling
epoll_ctl(2)
with
R EPOLL_CTL_MOD .
Questions and Answers
Q1
What happens if you add the same file descriptor to an epoll set twice?
A1
You will probably get
R EEXIST .
However, it is possible that two
threads may add the same file descriptor twice.
This is a harmless condition.
Q2
Can two
epoll
sets wait for the same file descriptor?
If so, are events reported to both
epoll
file descriptors?
A2
Yes, and events would be reported to both.
However, it is not recommended.
Q3
Is the
epoll
file descriptor itself poll/epoll/selectable?
Q4
What happens if the
epoll
file descriptor is put into its own file descriptor set?
A4
It will fail.
However, you can add an
epoll
file descriptor inside another epoll file descriptor set.
Q5
Can I send the
epoll
file descriptor over a unix-socket to another process?
Q6
Will closing a file descriptor cause it to be removed from all
epoll
sets automatically?
Q7
If more than one event occurs between
epoll_wait(2)
calls, are they combined or reported separately?
A7
They will be combined.
Q8
Does an operation on a file descriptor affect the
already collected but not yet reported events?
A8
You can do two operations on an existing file descriptor.
Remove would be meaningless for
this case.
Modify will re-read available I/O.
Q9
Do I need to continuously read/write a file descriptor
until
EAGAIN
when using the
EPOLLET
flag (edge-triggered behavior) ?
A9
No you don't.
Receiving an event from
epoll_wait(2)
should suggest to you that such file descriptor is ready
for the requested I/O operation.
You have simply to consider it ready until you will receive the
next
R EAGAIN .
When and how you will use such file descriptor is entirely up
to you.
Also, the condition that the read/write I/O space is exhausted can
be detected by checking the amount of data read from / written to the target
file descriptor.
For example, if you call
read(2)
by asking to read a certain amount of data and
read(2)
returns a lower number of bytes,
you can be sure of having exhausted the read
I/O space for such file descriptor.
The same is true when writing using the
write(2).
Possible Pitfalls and Ways to Avoid Them
o Starvation (edge-triggered)
If there is a large amount of I/O space,
it is possible that by trying to drain
it the other files will not get processed causing starvation.
(This problem is not specific to
R epoll .)
The solution is to maintain a ready list
and mark the file descriptor as ready
in its associated data structure, thereby allowing the application to
remember which files need to be processed but still round robin amongst
all the ready files.
This also supports ignoring subsequent events you
receive for file descriptors that are already ready.
o If using an event cache...
If you use an event cache or store all the file descriptors returned from
epoll_wait(2),
then make sure to provide a way to mark
its closure dynamically (i.e., caused by
a previous event's processing).
Suppose you receive 100 events from
epoll_wait(2),
and in event #47 a condition causes event #13 to be closed.
If you remove the structure and
close(2)
the file descriptor for event #13, then your
event cache might still say there are events waiting for that
file descriptor causing confusion.
One solution for this is to call, during the processing of event 47,
R epoll_ctl ( EPOLL_CTL_DEL )
to delete file descriptor 13 and
close(2),
then mark its associated
data structure as removed and link it to a cleanup list.
If you find another
event for file descriptor 13 in your batch processing,
you will discover the file descriptor had been
previously removed and there will be no confusion.
VERSIONS
epoll(7)
is a new API introduced in Linux kernel 2.5.44.
Its interface should be finalized in Linux kernel 2.5.66.
CONFORMING TO
The epoll API is Linux specific.
Some other systems provide similar
mechanisms, for example, FreeBSD has
R kqueue ,
and Solaris has
R /dev/poll .
SEE ALSO